Diterpenes from Xylopia langsdorffiana inhibit cell growth and induce differentiation in human leukemia cells.

Two new diterpenes were isolated from stems and leaves of Xylopia langsdorffiana, ent-atisane-7alpha,16alpha-diol (xylodiol) and ent-7alpha-acetoxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (trachylobane), along with the known 8(17),12E,14-labdatrien-18-oic acid (labdane). We investigated their antitumour effects on HL60, U937 and K562 human leukemia cell lines. We found that xylodiol was the most potent diterpene in inhibiting cell proliferation of HL60, U937 and K562 cells, with mean IC50 values of 90, 80 and 50 microM, respectively. Based on the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction assay, all the diterpenes were found to induce terminal differentiation in HL60 and K562 cells, with xylodiol being the most effective. NBT reduction was increased by almost 120% after 12 h exposure of HL60 cells to xylodiol at a concentration lower than the IC50 (50 microM). Thus, xylodiol inhibited human leukemia cell growth in vitro partly by inducing cell differentiation, and merits further studies to examine its mechanism of action as a potential antitumoural agent.

Estudo etnobotânico de plantas medicinais para problemas bucais no município de João Pessoa, Brasil / Etnobotanical studies of medicinal plants for oral conditions in the municipality of João Pessoa, Brazil

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar um estudo etnobotânico sobre a indicação de plantas medicinais para tratamentos de patologias bucais, bem como investigar sobre o uso de plantas medicinais entre usuários de serviços odontológicos na cidade de João Pessoa, Brasil. O levantamento consistiu em duas etapas de investigação: raizeiros (n = 20) e usuários (n = 200). Foi aplicado um formulário aos raizeiros a fim de saber quais plantas medicinais são mais comercializadas para problemas bucais. Posteriormente, foi aplicado um formulário dirigido aos usuários de serviço público (n = 100) e particular (n = 100) com o objetivo obter informações sobre a utilização de fitoterápicos. As plantas de uso odontológico mais vendidas pelos raizeiros foram: babatenon (Pithecelobium avaremotemo Mart.), aroeira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), cajueiro roxo (Anacardium occidentale L.) e quixaba (Bumelia sartorum Mart.). Dentre os usuários, 80 por cento afirmam utilizar plantas medicinais, sendo as mais citadas: a romã (Punica granatum L.), cajueiro roxo, juá (Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.), e hortelã de folha graúda (Plectrantus amboinicus Lour). Os dados sugerem que boa parte da população local, principalmente serviço público, faz uso de plantas medicinais, sendo necessária a realização de mais estudos que possam comprovar cientificamente a ação das mesmas.

The objective of this research was to carry out an ethnobotanical study about the indication of medicinal plants for oral conditions, as well as to investigate the use of medicinal plants among users of dental services in the city of João Pessoa, Brazil. The work consisted of two stages of investigation: traditional healers ("raizeiros") (n = 20) and users (n = 200). A structured form was applied to the healers in order to know which medicinal plant they marketed most for oral pathologies. Later, a form was applied to the users of public services (n = 100) and private services (n = 100) to obtain information about the use phytotherapy. The most frequent plants used for oral problems that were sold by the healers were: "babatenon" (Pithecelobium avaremotemo Mart.), "aroeira" (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), cashew tree known as "cajueiro roxo" (Anacardium occidentale L.) and "quixaba" (Bumelia sartorum Mart.). Among the users, 80 percent reported the use of medicinal plants. The most cited were pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), cashew tree, "juá" (Zizyphus joazeiro Mart.), and mint leaf known as "hortelã da folha graúda" (Plectrantus amboinicus Lour). The data suggest that a good deal of the local population, mainly public service users do use medicinal plants. It is necessary, though more studies to prove the effective action of the plants under scientific basis.

Avaliação histopatológica em ratos após tratamento agudo com o extrato etanólico de partes aéreas de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. / Histopathological evaluation in rats after acute treatment with the ethanol extract from aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia L.

A Jatropha gossypiifolia L. apesar de ser usada na medicina popular com finalidades diversas, é uma espécie classicamente catalogada como tóxica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a pesquisa de alterações histopatológicas em vísceras de ratos sob tratamento agudo com o extrato etanólico (EE) da Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Ratos Wistar foram tratados por via oral (gavagem) com doses únicas do extrato de até 5 g/kg e observados por 14 dias. Após esse período, os animais foram sacrificados por tração cervical e as vísceras foram coletadas. O coração, o fígado e o rim foram seccionados por incisão sagital e os pulmões submetidos à perfusão via traquéia, com solução de formol a 10 por cento. As secções teciduais foram processadas conforme os métodos habituais, coradas pela hematoxilina-eosina e tricômico e observadas ao microscópio óptico. Apenas nos animais tratados com a maior dose do extrato (5 g/kg) foram observadas alterações em fígado e pulmão evidenciadas por resposta inflamatória e estimulação do sistema imunitário. Estes resultados indicam uma toxicidade aguda oral relativamente baixa; entretanto, corroboram com os indícios de hepatotoxicidade já publicados, expondo ainda um potencial de toxicidade pulmonar do produto, o que ressalta a importância de estudos toxicológicos de longa duração com o EE da espécie Jatropha gossypiifolia L.

Jatropha gossypiifolia L. has been used in folk medicine in Brazil despite its classification as a toxic plant. The aim of this work was the assessment of histopathological a lterations in rats after acute treatment with the ethanol extract (EE) from Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Wistar rats were treated by gavage with single doses of EE until the limit dose of 5 g/kg (w.b.). 14 days after treatment the rats were sacrificed and the viscera were collected. The hard, liver and kidney were sectioned by sagittal incision and the lung submitted to perfusion with phormol (10 percent). The histological sections were processed by the usual methods in hematoxilin-eosin and trichrome staining and were observed through optical microscopy. Only in treated rats with 5 g/kg (w.b.) we observed some alterations in the liver and lung that means inflammatory response and immune activation. These results indicate a low oral acute toxicity, in relative terms, however, it was confirmed the hepatic toxicity already reported and showed the importance of long-term toxicological studies of the EE from Jatropha gossypiifolia L.

Natural products with antileprotic activity

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacillus. It was considered to be an incurable disease for ages. Nowadays leprosy is a vanishing disease although we can meet it principally in the tropical zone countries. Brazil has the second greatest number of leprosy cases around the world with almost 30,000 new cases diagnosed in 2005. The present work constitutes a literature review on plant extracts and chemically defined molecules of natural origin showing antileprotic activity. The review refers to 11 plants, their families, and geographical distribution, the utilized parts, the type of extract and the tested organism. It also includes 17 compounds isolated from higher plants and microorganisms, classified into appropriate chemical groups. Some aspects of recent antileprotic-activity-directed research on natural products are discussed. For this purpose 63 references were consulted.

A hanseníase é uma doença crônica infecciosa ocasionada pelo Mycobacterium leprae. Foi considerada incurável por muitos anos. Atualmente a lepra é uma doença em desaparecimento, apesar de podermos encontrá-la principalmente nos países da zona tropical. O Brasil é o país que tem o segundo maior número de casos de lepra ao redor do mundo com quase 30.000 novos casos diagnosticados em 2005. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura dos vegetais e substâncias de origem natural com atividade antileprótica. Foram encontradas 11 plantas e 17 substâncias isoladas de plantas e microrganismos que foram classificados em grupos químicos adequados. Alguns aspectos de pesquisa recente com produtos naturais direcionados à produção de drogas contra a lepra também são discutidos. Foram consultadas 63 referências.

Modesto efeito hipolipemiante do extrato seco de Berinjela (Solanum melongena L.) em mulheres com dislipidemias, sob controle nutricional / Modest hypolipidemic effect of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) dry extract in women with dislipidemy, under nutritional control

Neste estudo, investigou-se o efeito hipolipemiante do extrato seco do fruto de Solanum melongena L. (Berinjela) em pacientes com dislipidemias, sob controle nutricional. Foi realizado no Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley/UFPB/PB, constituído de 28 mulheres voluntárias, dislipidêmicas, alocadas para o tratamento com cápsula de Berinjela (n=14) e placebo (n=14), após assinarem o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Cada voluntária recebeu diariamente três cápsulas contendo 360 mg de extrato seco de Berinjela ou 360 mg de placebo, em cada cápsula, oralmente, sendo acompanhada mensalmente. Após 3 meses de tratamento, ao se compararem os valores de colesterol total antes e após 90 dias, verificou-se que houve redução dos mesmos (p=0,023), fato que não ocorreu no grupo controle (p=0,778). Havendo diferença significativa também nos valores de colesterol HDL (p=0,03) entre os grupos na avaliação basal e após 90 dias no grupo controle (p=0,026). Nos parâmetros hepáticos e renais não foram verificadas diferenças significativas, fora da faixa de normalidade clínica. Concluindo que o extrato seco de Solanum melongena L. (Berinjela), exerce um modesto efeito sobre o perfil lipídico, de pacientes com dislipidemias, não apresentando efeito hepatotóxico, nem reações adversas para quem dela faz uso, salientando, entretanto, que a resposta clínica encontrada neste estudo não atingiu os valores estabelecidos pelas III Diretrizes Brasileiras sobre Dislipidemias e Aterosclerose, necessitando de ensaios clínicos mais aprofundados.

In this research, it has been investigated the hypolipidemic effect of the dry extract of Solanum melongena L. (Eggplant) fruit in patients with dislipidemy, under nutritional control. It was accomplished at the Lauro Wanderley Academical Hospital/UFPB/PB, composed by 28 voluntary women, dislipidemics, selected for the treatment with eggplant's capsule (n=14) and placebo (n=14), after they have signed the free and clear up consentiment term. Each volunteer has received daily three capsules with 360 mg of Eggplant dry extract or 360 mg of placebo, in each capsule, orally and they were monthly accompanied. After three months treatment, when compared the values of full cholesterol before and after 90 days, it was verified that these values were reduced (p=0,023), fact that did not happened in the control group (p=0,778). There was a significant difference in cholesterol values HDL (p=0,026) among these groups in basal evaluation and after 90 days in the control group (p=0,026). In hepatic and renal parameters, significant differences were not find out, remaining out of the clinical normality level. Concluding that the dry extract of Solanum melongena L. (Eggplant) has a modest effect over the lipidic profile of patients with dislipidemy, not intervening on other renal parameters, neither presenting toxic hepatic effect nor adverse reactions for those who use it, pointing out, however that the clinical answer found in this study it didn't reach the established values for the Third Brazilian Guidelines on Dislipidemies and Atherosclerosis, needing clinical rehearsals more deepened.

Estudo toxicológico agudo do extrato etanólico de partes aéreas de Jatropha gossypiifolia L. em ratos / Acute toxicological studies of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. in rats

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação da toxicidade aguda do extrato etanólico (EE) de partes aéreas de Jatropha gossypiifolia L., espécie vegetal muito usada na medicina popular, apesar de ser catalogada como planta tóxica. Ratos Wistar foram tratados por via oral com doses únicas do extrato (1,2 g/kg; 1,8 g/kg; 2,7 g/kg; 4,0 g/kg e 5,0 g/kg) e observados por 14 dias. Os principais sinais de toxicidade encontrados, em alguns animais, foram: ptose palpebral, perda de peso e paralisia do trem posterior. Outras alterações significativas ocorreram apenas em machos tratados com a dose de 5 g/kg: aumento dos níveis sangüíneos de creatinina, AST, sódio e potássio; diminuição dos níveis de uréia e albumina; leucopenia, além de discretas alterações na coloração e consistência de vísceras. A dose letal mediana (DL50) foi superior a 4,0 g/kg para machos e maior do que 5,0 g/kg para fêmeas. Estes resultados indicam uma toxicidade aguda oral relativamente baixa; contudo, ressaltam a necessidade da realização de estudos toxicológicos de longa duração com o EE de J. gossypiifolia L.

The aim of this work was the assessment of acute oral toxicity of the ethanol extract (EE) of the aerial parts of Jatropha gossypiifolia L. This plant is used in folk medicine despite its classification as a toxic plant. Wistar rats were treated per oralis with single doses of EE [1.2 g/kg; 1.8 g/kg; 2.7 g/kg; 4.0 g/kg and 5.0 g/kg (w.b.)] and observed for 14 days. The most important signs of toxicity were: ptosis; reduction of body weight and hindlimb paralysis. Other sgnificant alterations occurred only in males treated with 5.0 g/kg (w.b.): increase of creatinine, AST, sodium and potassium seric levels; reduction of urea and albumin; leukopenia and small alterations in color and consistence of viscera. The LD50 value was higher than 4.0 g/kg (w.b.) for males and higher than 5.0 g/kg (w.b) for females. These results indicate a low oral acute toxicity, in relative terms, however it shows the importance of long-term toxicological studies of the EE from J. gossypiifolia.

Subacute toxicology studies on the aqueous fraction of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) in dogs

Cissampelos sympodialis Eichl. (Menispermaceae) has been investigated about its botanical, chemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects in our laboratory. Previous acute toxicology studies demonstrated that in dogs as well as in Wistar rats, 5 g/kg, p.o., and 2 g/kg, i.p. of the aqueous fraction of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Cissampelos sympodialis (AFL), induced a significant increase in the phosphatase alkaline and gama glutamil tranferase (GGT) levels, that were completely reversed in 15 days after interruption of AFL treatment. The aim of the present work was to investigate the subacute toxicology effects induced by AFL in dogs. We used the methods proposed by Portaria 116/96 of the Secretaria Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, which regulates studies of toxicity for phytomedicines in Brazil. Daily administration (p.o.) of AFL, 45 mg/kg/day (5 times the dose used by human beings), during 4 weeks, was devoid of any effect on haematological (haemogram and platelets) and on blood biochemical parametes. In conclusion, the present study, using dogs, demonstrated that AFL, in a popularly used dose, by human beings, was devoid of any toxicological effect.